Abstract
One of the main threats to the security of the European Union countries is the activity of radical Muslim circles, sympathizing with or inspired by Al Qaeda and the so-called "Islamic State". The reasons for this state should be sought in the deepening social and economic divisions and inequalities in the European Union. These factors, in many cases, initiate the process of religious radicalization, leading to fundamentalism and extremism, and in extreme cases, even to violence and terrorism. The aim of this paper is to study the impact of the phenomenon of religiously inspired terrorism on the level of security in European Union countries. Due to the interdisciplinary nature of the topic, a mixed research method was used during research, consisting of a desk review of primary sources, qualitative content analysis, comparative method and extrapolation method. The original contribution of this work is the determination of the characteristics of the contemporary jihadist terrorism threat and presenting possible directions of the evolution of terrorist threats in European Union countries, which seems to be particularly important in the context of creating effective long-term EU counter-terrorism policy.
References
Aly, A. (2012). Examining the role of religion in radicalization to violent Islamist extremism. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 35(12), 849–862. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1057610X.2012.720243
Armstrong, J. S. (1984). Forecasting by extrapolation: conclusions from 25 years of research. Interfaces, 14(6), 52–66. https://doi.org/10.1287/inte.14.6.52
Bjørgo, T. (2005). Root Causes of Terrorism. Myths, reality and way forward. Routledge.
Borum, R. (2003). Understanding the terrorist mind-set. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 72(7), 7–10.
Dzisiów-Szuszczykiewicz, A. (2010). Społeczności muzułmańskie w Europie na przykładzie Francji, Holandii i Wielkiej Brytanii. Bezpieczeństwo Narodowe, 1, 25–26.
European Commission. (2020a). A counter-terrorism agenda for the EU: Anticipate, prevent, Protect, Respond (COM (2020) 795 final). The Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM:2020:795:FIN
European Commission. (2020b). EU Security Union Strategy (COM (2020) 605 final). The Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52020DC0605
European Commission. (2021). Prevention of radicalization. https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/what-we-do/policies/counter-terrorism/radicalisation_en
European Parliament. (2015). European Parliament resolution of November 25 2015 on the prevention of radicalization and recruitment of European citizens by terrorist organizations.
Europol. (2016). EU Terrorism Situation and Trend Report 2016 (TE-SAT). https://www.europol.europa.eu/activities-services/main-reports/european-union-terrorism-situation-and-trend-report-te-sat-2016
Europol. (2017). EU Terrorism Situation and Trend Report 2017 (TE-SAT). Europol. https://www.europol.europa.eu/activities-services/main-reports/eu-terrorism-situation-and-trend-report-te-sat-2017
Europol. (2018). EU Terrorism Situation and Trend Report 2018 (TE-SAT). https://www.europol.europa.eu/activities-services/main-reports/european-union-terrorism-situation-and-trend-report-2018-tesat-2018
Europol. (2019). EU Terrorism Situation and Trend Report 2019 (TE-SAT). Europol. https://www.europol.europa.eu/activities-services/main-reports/terrorism-situation-and-trend-report-2019-te-sat
Europol. (2020). EU Terrorism Situation and Trend Report 2020 (TE-SAT). https://www.europol.europa.eu/activities-services/main-reports/european-union-terrorism-situation-and-trend-report-te-sat-2020
Europol. (2021). EU Terrorism Situation and Trend Report 2021 (TE-SAT). https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications-events/main-reports/european-union-terrorism-situation-and-trend-report-2021-tesat
Hall, D. M., & Steiner, R. (2020). Policy content analysis: Qualitative method for analyzing sub-national insect pollinator legislation. MethodsX, 7, 100787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2020.100787
Harman, J. (2007). Text - H.R.1955 - 110th Congress (2007-2008): Violent Radicalization and Home-grown Terrorism Prevention Act of 2007. https://www.congress.gov/bill/110th-congress/house-bill/1955/text
Hoffman, B. (2017). Inside Terrorism. Columbia University Press. https://doi.org/10.7312/hoff17476
Horgan, J. (2009). Walking away from terrorism: Accounts of disengagement from radical and extremist movements. Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203874738
Hsieh, H. F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277–1288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687
Huntington, S. P. (1993). The Clash of Civilizations? Foreign Affairs, 72(3), 22–49. https://doi.org/10.2307/20045621
Laskowski, J. (2017a). Evolution of the civil aviation security standards in the European Union. Transportation Overview, 11, 25–31. https://doi.org/10.35117/A_ENG_17_11_03
Laskowski, J. (2017b). Key technological solutions from the SESAR programme to improve air traffic safety. Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport/Politechnika Śląska, 94, 99–110. https://doi.org/10.20858/sjsutst.2017.94.10
Lijphart, A. (1971). Comparative Politics and the Comparative Method. American Political Science Review, 65(3), 682–693. https://doi.org/10.2307/1955513
Lindemann, A., & Stolz, J. (2018). The Muslim employment gap, human capital, and ethno-religious penalties: Evidence from Switzerland. Social Inclusion, 6(2), 151–161. https://doi.org/10.17645/si.v6i2.1395
Otłowski, T. (2010). Analiza nt. wzrostu aktywności międzynarodowych struktur islamskich ekstremistów. Biuro Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego. https://www.bbn.gov.pl/download/1/6006/29122010Analizantwzrostuaktywnoscimiedzynarodowych.pdf
Porter, L. E., & Kebbell, M. R. (2011). Radicalization in Australia: Examining Australia’s convicted terrorists. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 18(2), 212–231. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2010.482953
Precht, T. (2007). Home grown terrorism and Islamist radicalization in Europe: From conversion to terrorism. Danish Ministry of Justice. https://www.justitsministeriet.dk/sites/default/files/media/Arbejdsomraader/Forskning/Forskningspuljen/2011/2007/Home_grown_terrorism_and_Islamist_radicalisation_in_Europe_-_an_assessment_of_influencing_factors__2_.pdf
Radomyski, A., & Bernat, P. (2018). Contemporary Determinants of Organising Effective Protection of Civil Aviation Against Terrorism. Transportation Research Procedia, 35, 259–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2018.12.021
Ranstorp, M. (2019). Islamist extremism: A practical introduction. RAN Centre of Excellence.
Ştefanachi, B. (2012). Globalization between liberalism and conservatism. European Journal of Science and Theology, 8(3). 255–262. http://www.ejst.tuiasi.ro/Files/32/28_Stefanachi.pdf
Valfort, M. A. (2020). Anti-Muslim discrimination in France: Evidence from a field experiment. World Development, 135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105022
Vidino, L. (2011). Radicalization, linkage, and diversity: Current trends in terrorism in Europe. RAND National Defense Research Institute. https://doi.org/10.1037/e525772012-001

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.